The Specter of Naxalism: The Neo-McCarthyism in India
Ish Mishra
Contradiction of praxis has been the perennial
contradiction of capitalism from the very outset. It never says what it does and never does
what it says; it promises the sky and plunders the earth. It appropriated power
with the slogans of ‘equality; liberty; fraternity’, but its very existence, as
aptly articulated by Adam smith, in terms of “individual profit making
activities”, depends upon just the opposite principles. After the disintegration
of the USSR, acting as a tyrant, “the largest democracy” of the world, USA, invades
and plunders at will the other countries for the control over their oil and
other natural resources and the strategic hegemony, but declares it to be a war
against terrorism or humanitarian intervention for peoples’ liberation against
tyranny; or to save the region from the dangers of the weapons of mass
destruction, or from the nuclear threat. It is to be noted that it has the
largest arsenal of the nuclear and other fatal weapons and is the only State that
has the history of using lethal weapons with catastrophic effects. It pounded the
atomic bombs --the fat man and the little boy – over Hiroshima
and Nagasaki, when the 2nd World War was almost over, pending
Japan’s formal surrender. Vietnam has not yet recovered from arbitrary bombings
and carpeting of fatal cluster bombs. If
killing innocent people and destruction of social property is any criteria of
terrorism, it has massacred/exterminated enormously larger number of innocent
people and plundered their resources[i].
India, the “biggest democracy” of the world, constitutionally promises
social justice through affirmative action of preferential treatment to Adivasis and other deprived and oppressed communities but in practice uproots and kills
them for facilitating convenient, profitmaking and accumulation by monopoly
giants. The firing by CRPF and CoBRA commandos in night of 28th June
2012 at the Adivasis of Rajpenta, Kottaguda and Sarkeguda, the
adjacent villages in Bijapur district of Chhattisgarh, the gathered in an empty field to discuss the upcoming the bija pondum (seed
sowing festival) and also to discuss
how
to help those without cattle and single women headed households, is yet
another recurrence of Jalianwalan Bag[ii]. The Adivasis gathering was
surrounded by over 100 CRPF personnel and CoBRA commandos in the cloudy
night. At around 10 PM they started
firing at the meeting from all the directions killing 17 unarmed innocent
people and injuring many. 16 of them including 6 teenagers 4 of them being
children (aged 12-16 years) were killed on the spot. The 17th victim
Irpa Ramesh ran away during the firing and “made it to the safety of his house
and stepped out in the dawn to survey the area. He was fired upon immediately and
though hit in the leg, he managed to get back inside his home. CRPF men
followed him and clobbered him to death in front of his wife and 3 children[iii].
According to a report, a 14 year old girl was raped before being killed.[iv]
It is to be noted that the houses in
these villages were ransacked and burnt by Salwajudum. The Adivasis were
terrorized to flee in the neighboring areas. They came back in 2009 and are
still in the process of rebuilding their habitats[v].
Ever since the government has been harassing the villagers but this time they
are determined to stay back and fight. Adivasis of many other villages of Chhattisgarh, due oppression and
harassment including rape and murder at the hands of security Forces, have fled
to the neighboring areas of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa[vi].
The periodic massacre of Adivasis of Chhattisgarh, rapes and murders of
girls and women, burning of their villages have become common affairs. On 5th
July 2011, a 16 year old Adivasi girl, Meena Khalko of Nawadih village in Dantewada
district in Chhattisgarh, was gang raped and killed in the “encounter” by
Police as a top Maoist Commander. Home Minister of Chhattisgarh in a press
statement claimed that she “was a Naxal and had habitual sexual contact”[vii]
(one of the clichéd justification of rape). When the reality of the “encounter”
was found to be fake one, her parents were given a compensation of Rs.2 lakhs
as compensation and no action against the erring cops or their political bosses[viii].
On May 22, 2012, four girls aged 14-18 years were picked up by the SPOs of
Chhattisgarh Police, tortured and raped, for fear of their lives, they have not
returned to their villages[ix].
If one clicks “rapes and murders by Chhattisgarh Police, one would find n
number of entries of such heinous stories.
This episode of recent killings by uniformed personnel, is in the
sequence and an integral part of the ongoing long term strategy of the
governments to oust the Adivasis from their villages to pave the way for
corporate giants with whom the central and state governments of mineral rich
states have signed many MOUs, which they are not making public, despite
repeated demand by the Democratic Rights organizations[x].
Immediately after the massacre in the name of “encounter” with Maoists, echoing
the CRPF Chief of the operation, the Home Minister Mr. P. Chidambaram came out
with their identity as hardcore Maoists in the same way as during the NDA
regime, the then Home Minister, LK Advani would announce the names addresses of
the assassinated Muslims and the Pakistani connections immediately after every
so-called anti-terrorist encounter[xi].
When his own party members from
Chhattisgarh started doubting the authenticity of encounter, Mr. Chidambaram
revised the statement that though the killed Adivasis including children were
Maoists, but he regrets if any innocent has been killed, absolving himself of
blame, though CRPF and CoBRA come directly under the central home ministry[xii]
in the same way as Barak Obama regrets the innocent deaths in in so-called
anti-terrorist, arbitrary bombing the North-Western Frontier regions of Pakistan
by unmanned, US Drone war planes[xiii].
When it has become crystal clear that there were no Maoists, and it was a
simple and plain slaughter of unarmed, poor Adivasis, the Raman government,
which in its attempt to help the corporate interest has been callously
negligent to the interest of the Adivasis, ordered an inquiry by a SDM in the
matter. To hush up the things and mollify the agitated villagers over the death
of their 17 kinsmen/women sent ration and other relief material to the village,
Sarkeguda, the villagers refused to accept the help saying that if they are
Naxalites, why government was giving them ration? They rebuked and sent back
the officials[xiv].
Now as government is under attack from
various quarters for the cold-blooded massacre of unarmed Adivasi villagers in
the name of the encounter with Maoist, now, the government has come up with
another justification that the Maoists use the common people as human shield
and Security Forces should adopt more sophisticated methods to deal with the
“menace” of Left Wing Extremism (LWE)[xv].
Where ever
there is land movement in India, people are branded as Maoists and harassed. The
land movements of Kalinganagar, Niyamgiri, Jagatsinghpur, Kashipur, Narayanpatna
in Orissa are just few glaring examples.
On 2 January 2006 the Adivasi peasants’ protest rally against the land
grab for Tata was fired at by Orissa Police killing 14 and injuring many[xvi].
The death toll by Police action has reached 16 in subsequent actions in the
process of breaking the movement. The District magistrate and the Superintend
of police, who conducted yet another Jaiyanwanlabag, were rewarded with
promotions by the Orissa state government.[xvii]
In the dawn of January 2, 2011, the day BBJM celebrates as the martyrdom day by
holding rallies and public meeting, 4 villagers, including a 13 year old girl
were gunned down in the name of encounter with Maoists and their bodies
clandestinely cremated[xviii].
Former President of the Women’s Committee of the Bisthapan Birodhi Janmanch
(BBJM) the organization heralding the movement, has been recently arrested
under the charge being Maoist[xix].
The heroic on-going struggles of Adivasis and peasants notwithstanding the
ongoing allurements, repression, terror and other tactics by the government and
the corporate giants to break them[xx],
reminds the so-called primitive accumulation and brutally crushed peasants’
resistances against land grab in England during “enclosure movements”. But much
water has flowed down the Bay of Bengal, since then and history never repeats,
it only echoes[xxi].
People have resolved that they would not flee in fear now and are ready to
fight back the nexus mighty Indian state and the corporate giants[xxii].
Duality has been the integral part of capitalism and
hence of its political instrument, of liberal democracy, since their respective
inceptions itself. It provides rights to people under constitutions but as soon
as they start mattering, these rights become null and void under
‘extra-ordinary’ laws like Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA) made
to deal with the ‘exceptional’ situations[xxiii].
The first
acknowledged organic intellectual, John Locke deduced the theory of natural
right to property from natural right to life, and that one makes property by
mixing one’s labour with nature’s gifts that commonly belong to all. The
government is needed for protection of the natural rights, particularly right
to property[xxiv].
But it began the journey not with its theological origin in some mythical
antiquity as claimed by Adam Smith and his fellow liberal Classical economists[xxv],
but by fraudulently expropriating the peasantry under enclosure movement and by
uprooting the craftsmen; artisans; small entrepreneurs who had been earning
their livelihood by mixing their labour with the gifts of nature and forcing
them into wage slavery through bloody
legislations; plunder and massacre of the natives of Americans;
“conquest and plunder of India India, and the conversion of Africa into a
preserve for the commercial hunting of black skins”[xxvi].
Human Rights activist and journalist
Seema Azad and her husband Vishwavijay were arrested by UPSTF (Uttar Pradesh
Special Task Force) of UP Police were arrested at Allahabad Railway station on
6July 2010. Seema had returned from World Book Fair in Delhi and Vishwavijay
had gone to the station to receive her. On June 8, 2012, both were sentenced to
life imprisonment and a penalty of Rs.70, 000 by a lower court in Allahabad
under the various clauses of UAPA for allegedly waging war against the state.
They have been alleged to be members of CPI (Maoist) and of involvement in
illegal activities[xxvii].
Seema is Organizing Secretary of the human rights organization, Peoples Union
for Civil Liberties (PUCL) and editor of a bimonthly Dastak, which she
used for exposing the corrupt nexus between sand mining mafia and the political
leaders, the agony of people due to land grab drive by government for the
Corporate Real estate and industrialists. Former student activists, Seema and Vishwavijay
have been consistently raising their voice against human rights violation in
eastern UP in general and in Allahabad and Kaushambi in particular, where
politico-mafia police nexus is illegally mining sand, hoarding black money and
exploiting and harassing workers[xxviii].
The charge is that they had objectionable literature, which proved that they
were Maoists. The government has not defined what objectionable literature is.
The lower court judge, seemingly bereft of vision and ignorant of Supreme Court
judgements that say that nobody can be convicted for keeping/reading particular
literature or even being member of a banned organization until he/she is found
indulging in the violence or inciting the violence, accepted the Police story[xxix].
Supreme Court too did not take Suo-moto cognizance of the flagrant violation of
its rulings by a lower court. The character of judiciary is the same as the
character of the state.
Dr. Vinayak Sen’s case is
well-known by now. Owing to the pervasive, protracted campaign by
prominent intellectuals and activists and his celebrity status as a popular
health and rights activist, Dr. Vinayak Sen was eventually granted bail by the
Supreme of India after spending two years in Jail under the extra-ordinary law,
UAPA. Earlier the Supreme Court had rejected his bail application upholding the
decisions of Chhattisgarh High Court. Dr. Sen is a physician by profession and
the national Vice President of Peoples’ Union of Civil Liberties (PUCL),
involved with peoples’ constitutional rights against the state sponsored extra
constitutional armed militia Salwa Judum. Extra constitutional laws are
needed to silence such dissenting voices[xxx].
The Adivasi,
school teacher Soni Sori’s story too is very well known by now. The Police
officer, Ankit Garg, who ordered the barbaric act of stuffing stones into her
vagina, was honored with bravery award on the Republic Day[xxxi].
In a meeting in Jadavpur University, when a student asked some inconvenient
question on her well-advertised good-Governance, Mamata Banerjee, the West Bengal Chief
Minister walked away in rage branding her and many other students and teachers
as Maoists. It is said that she has ordered the intelligence agencies to keep
vigilance over them[xxxii]
These are just the few subsets of the large set of the
suppression of the voices of dissent and exposure of the corrupt anti-people
policies of the comprador Indian state, under extra-ordinary laws for exceptional
situations. This euphoria of Naxalism and suppression of dissent can be
called Neo-McCarthyism[xxxiii].
Marx and Engels polemically wrote in 1948 in the
Preface of the Communist manifesto that the specter of Communism was haunting
the Europe. After 100 years that specter got transported to the USA. At the
outset of the cold war, the US ruling classes and the corporate media created
the scare of Communism and Soviet Union as national enemy in the same way as
they are doing now by creating “terrorism”, a national fear of to consolidate
their grip over political power and international hegemony[xxxiv].
In 1949, Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy presented a list (Hollywood Black
list)[xxxv]
of people working in Government establishments; Research institutions; Film and
theatre; University and school teachers; students and intellectuals and
scientists of various fields, who were accused of being Communist or Communist
sympathizers and hence Soviet agents[xxxvi].
To inquire into loyalty of such
pro-Communist suspects the, Government constituted many Committees -- House
Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC); Senate Internal Security Committee;
Senate Permanent subcommittee of on Investigation apart from Anti-Communist
cell of FBI headed by Edgar Hoover. These Committees enquired into 179 cases
during 1949-54[xxxvii].
The story of Scientist couple of Manhattan project fame, Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg, who were arrested in 1950, and despite a protracted campaign by
Einstein and other intellectuals and Peace activists to save them, were executed in 1953 by being forced to sit on
the Sing-Sing chair[xxxviii].
Einstein could be saved by his celebrity status, but his activities were under
vigilance, phones taped and letters censored by FBI. Edgar Hoover had a special
file on him that could be availed by Fred Jerome who edited and published them
in a book; Einstein File. The Communist Control Act, 1954 was passed in
both the houses with a thumping majority without much debate. Einstein and
other democratic intellectuals, film makers and writers were appealing to
Americans to refuge to appear for loyalty test under these Draconian laws[xxxix]. In course of time, McCarthyism became synonym
of prosecution and harassment of opponents with the accusation of sedition and spying
for Soviet Union. Many private vigilance committees and private security
agencies prospered on the behest of the government.
The raising the scare of the specter of Naxalism by
the ruling elite of the country and arrests, prosecution, and imprisonment of
civil rights activists and opponents of Corporate-oriented anti-people policies
under various draconian extra-ordinary laws, reminds the state of affairs in
the USA in 1950s. This phase of American history is known as the Second Red
Scare, the first being immediately after Russian Revolution. In 1918 it unsuccessfully
tried to attack the USSR[xl].
The specter of Naxalism, (ignorant of the fact that CPI
(Maoist) is just the one claimant of the legacies of Naxalbari peasants armed
uprising against the Feudal oppression and exploitation that changed the agenda
of India’s political discourse) is haunting the ruling classes of India in the
same way as that of Communism was haunting the ruling classes of USA in 1950s. Today
there is no ruling class party that does not raise the euphoria of Naxalism to
divert the popular attention from deep rooted corruption; plunder of the
peoples’ resources; exploitation and miseries of common people and to blunt the
edge of the major contradiction between the imperialist global capitals[xli]
and the Indian people. The arbitrary arrests under “extraordinary laws”, torture,
manufactured confessions. Trials in special courts and convictions on charges
of being Maoists/Maoist supporters resembles arrest, harassment and conviction
of anybody without any substantial proof of sedition on charges of being a
communist or communist supporters. Honorable Prime Minister of India, Man Mohan
Singh or honorable home Chidambaram, whether speaking on deeply ingrained
corruption in the government; issue of FDI in retail sector that would eat up
millions of unemployment and would place the consumers on the mercy of corporate
giants; issue of anti-nuclear movements; suicide of peasants; plight of
Adivasis; or any issue, they do not forget to raise the danger of Naxalism as
the biggest danger for the country, without what they mean by Naxalism and how
is it the biggest danger and they do more loudly after a pilgrimage to the USA.
They accept that the CPI (Maoist) prospers due to faulty development of the tribal
regions and declare to huge budgets to reach the development to the tribal
regions in by enhancing the number of Security forces and equipping them with
more sophisticated weapons[xlii].
On 15 June 1998, the then Home Minister, LK Advani,
addressing the gathering of 4 chief Minister, termed the Naxalism as the “enemy
of the Indian dream” and accused the human right activists and intellectuals of
romanticizing them as the saviors of the poor and down trodden and exhorted
them to mobilize the political parties; cultural and social organizations;
intellectuals and media to uproot it[xliii].
On 13 April 2006, Present and then Prime Minister Man Mohan Singh told the gathering
of the Chief Minister almost the same things expressing concern over the spread
of Naxalism in over 160 districts of the country, despite the loss of
ideological basis 40 years after its beginning and held uneven development and
inequality responsible for their support base among the Adivasis and the down
trodden[xliv].
After a month, in a meeting with the Chief Ministers of the 14 states Mr.
Singh, placing the terrorism and Naxalism at par, emphasized on the “media
management strategy” to “co-opt the media” to fight against it[xlv].
If we place the cases of Vinayak Sen; Seema Azad, Soni Sori; Gnanath Patra et
al in this context, it becomes clear that the Indian state is scared of the
strength of the words of the honest, democratic individuals; in the same way as
the US governments feared the might of
democratic and progressive intellectuals, artists and film makers. It is
reported that The US congress is contemplating legislation against those who
expose the human rights violations[xlvi].
This paper aims
neither at a detailed analysis of McCarthyism or the inhuman cruelties of
American state nor at appraisal of the ideological stand-points or actions of
India’s Communist Parties including CPI (Maoist), though their demands through
mediators in the recent activities focused on the release of innocent people
interned in the false case under UAPA and other draconian laws and activists of
democratic land movements like Narayan Patna[xlvii].
Recently, the Union Minister, Jairam Ramesh accepted publically that most of
the Adivasis being subjected to inhuman living conditions and torture in the
jails Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa and other Maoist affected states are
innocent people implicated in the false cases[xlviii].
This aims at showing that the parliamentary democracy with innate contradiction
of theory and practice and duality of character remains democratic and
tolerates dissent as long as it does not seriously matter and resorts to
undemocratic extra-ordinary laws to stop dissent from crossing the limits.
In fact, the “extraordinary”, undemocratic laws under
“exceptional” conditions are innate into liberal democracy. In England the stories of innocent people
spending years (1974-91) in prison on
the basis of suspicion and manufactured confessions under Preventive Detention
Act (PDA), 1974 is not in Guildford Four
and Birmingham Six (The plot of the
popular film: In the Name of Father) cases,
is part of history now[xlix].
The stories of arrests and tortures in USA under various extra ordinary laws like
PATRIOT in the name of countering terrorism, particularly after 9/11, have
become the legends[l].
The “exceptional situation’ necessitating “extraordinary laws” seem to be
innate in the democratic governance. In India thousands of people are
languishing behind the bars for years on, without trial. The undemocratic, “extraordinary
laws” under “exceptional situations ” in India’s democratic politics set aside
not only “normal procedure of law but also the principles of justice and
democracy” and are “legally and constitutionally recognized and justified as
necessary exceptions to the rule of law”.[li]
The history of “extraordinary” laws in independent
India can be traced to the year prior to the promulgation of the constitution
of independent India to allow military use to suppress the Telangana peasants
uprising, Madras suppression of Disturbances Act, 1948[lii]. Immediately after promulgation of the
Constitution, in 1950 Sardar Patel, the then home Minister of India, introduced
the Preventive Detention Act (PDA) to
deal with the Telangana peasants’ movement and other communist activities. “It
was in fact the enunciation of a basic policy making what has been termed by
Upendra Baxi as the Preventive Detention
System (PDS), parallel yet integral component of the Criminal Justice system
(CJS)”[liii]
The Armed Forces Special powers
Act(ASFSA), 1958 giving armed forces personnel unchecked and unaccountable
authority and power was introduced to counter the Naga rebellion is in force in
most of the North-East and in Kashmir for years. Iroma Sharmila’s hunger strike
for its repel would make to Ginny’s book. So much has been written on various
forums –virtual (internet social networking forums as well as print,
Deeptipriya Mehrotra’s book on her vividly describes the horrid stories
atrocities including rape and murder by Indian Army in northeast in general and
in Manipur in particular. The necked protest of Manipuri women against the rape
and murder of Manorama by army few years ago has become part of history[liv].
The debates
over such laws have been gaining ground ever since the emergency (1975-77)
against the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) that intensified with
Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA), 1985 and
Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA), 2002. Professor Ujjwal Kumar Sigh with a
meticulously researched data of enormous misuses of such laws, particularly use
of POTA as communal weapon by the NDA ruled governments, takes on the arguments
of ‘dilemma of democracy’ framework that considers such laws as ‘indispensable
for democracy’ and the ‘Reason of State’ that puts forward the argument of
survival of state and tears them to pieces[lv].
There were wide ranging protests and campaigns against POTA, the subsequent UPA
government under Congress leadership repelled the POTA to replace it with
another draconian law, NSA. After the Mumbai terrorist attacks, the Unlawful
Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) 1967 has been amended into UAPA, 2008 that
includes most of the draconian clauses of TADA and POTA both[lvi].
Thus the arrests, murders, rape, prosecution and
conviction of innocent Adivasis and the prosecution and conviction and life
sentences to Democratic Right activists and intellectuals by Indian state under
Extra-ordinary laws in the name of dealing with Naxalism, which is considered
to be the biggest danger to India. The AFPSA has claimed numerous lives in
Jammu and Kashmir and north eastern states apart from horrifying stories of
rape and torture. Many cases of fake encounters and other atrocities in J&K
are lying with the home ministry for permission of trial[lvii].
After the emergency the extra-ordinary draconian laws
e greatly debated and opposed. The fascist laws like MISA were repelled but
were replaced by more draconian laws. The atrocities under TADA against many
innocent people are part of history now.
TADA was eventually repelled after protracted protest great debate.
Incorporating all the undemocratic draconian provisions of TADA, POTA was
enacted which was generally used against the Muslim minorities for communal
polarization of the country by NDA governments. When UPA government took over
it repelled POTA but replaced by amended ‘Unlawful Activities Protection Act,
1967 (UAPA) that includes the draconian provisions of TADA and POTA both.[lviii]
The way McCarthyism was used to suppress the
democratic thoughts in USA, we are witnessing in India, similar kind of
Neo-McCarthyism in the name of specter of Naxalism. In defense of democracy and
peoples’ right to life, all the democratic forces need to unite and mobilize
against the neo-McCarthyism heralded by Man Mohan and Chidambaram
.
Notes/References
[i] USA, as is
well-known came into existence by exterminating the native Americans and its
imperialistic invasions continue
beginning with the bombing in Japan ongoing occupation of Iraq and
destructions in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Obama’s recent complaint against
India for not allowing FDI in many sectors may be considered by the US
establishment as acting against American interest, probably with the intent and
prospect of invasion of India.
[ii] On Sunday 13 April
1919, Brigadier General Dyer of the colonial Indian Army ordered firing on a peaceful
meeting of 15,000 to 20,000 people (which included women, senior citizens and
children) assembled to discuss the Draconian Rowlett Act 1919, in a walled
public garden, Jallianwala Bagh in north the north Indian city, Amritsar. Dyer
kept the firing up till the ammunition supply was almost exhausted for about
ten minutes. 1,302 men, women and children were slaughtered and scores of them
injured. Dyer was, though, removed from
duty and forced to retire without any punishment for ghastly massacre, he
became a celebrated hero in Britain. Salman Rushdie’s novel, Midnight Children portrays the massacre
from the perspective of a doctor in the crowd, saved from the gunfire by a well-timed
sneeze. The massacre is depicted in Richard Attenborough’s film, Gandhi
depicts most of the details of the massacre as well as the subsequent inquiry
by the Montague commission.
[iii] Hindu, 10 July 2012
[iv] Fact finding Report
by CDRO (Coordination ofDemocratic Rights Organizations); Hindu, 8 July 2012
[v] Salwajudum was a private Army of Local People raised and sponsored by
Chhattisgarh Government that was declared illegal by the Supreme Court but most
of its members were reappointed as SPOs (Special Police Officers), who
accompany the Police and CRPF in the forest villages, as they are familiar with
the terrain. There have been many reports of their involvement in rapes and
other crimes against the people.
[vi] Times of India,
November 13, 2009. Despite the Supreme Cut Order to rehabilitate the Adivasis
of the villages destroyed by Police and Salwajudum but government did not move
beyond the lip service. Himanshu Kumar a Ganhian activist motivated and helped rebuilding some villages; the
government demolished his Ashram and due to official and unofficial threat from
government agencies, can’t live in Chhattisgarh; Interview with him on 17 July, at a protest Dharna
at Chhattisgarh. Bhavan, New Delhi.
[vii] Hindu, 8 July 2011
[viii] The Indian
Express, 31 August 2011
[ix] Hindu, 29 May 2012
[x] Apart from declared
MOUs with Tata, POSCO, Vedanta, Essar etc. whom the state and central
governments have gifted peasants lands for mining, industrial plants and real estate
and to clear the way for unhindered profit making, Central and state
governments are using the state might to uproot the peasants, it is believed
that Central and state governments,
particularly those of mineral rich states of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Orissa
have singed a large number of MOUs with global
Corporates, which are not being made public.
[xi] Quoted in the
Editorial of Samkaleen Teesari Duniya, New Delhi, July 2012
[xii] Hindu 8 June 2012
[xiii] Whenever news of
death of innocent people, children and sick (in attacks on schools and
hospitals) US Drone attacks and NATO operations and stories of
rape and torture become public, US
President Barak Obama regrets the innocent deaths and vows to continue with the
attacks to defend the “American interest”.
[xiv] www.utube.com 12 July 2012
[xv] Hindu, July 14, 2012
[xvi] Ish Mishra, “Heat and Dust on the Highway at Kalinganagar”, Economic
&Political Weekly (10-16 March 2007), Mumbai
[xvii] ibid
[xviii] Pratirodh Ka
Swar,(February 2011) New Delhi.
[xix] Interview with the activists of BBJM on 2 January 2011
[xx] Fake cases have been registered
against the most of the activists of most
Of the land movements. Abhay
Sahoo, the President of POSCP Pratirodh
Sanghrsh Samiti(PPSS) heralding the anti-displacement movement
against the land grab for the stell giant POSCO on 25th November
2011 on some old false charges.
[xxi] Ish Mishra, op.cit
[xxii] Hindu, July 8 2012
[xxiii] Singh, Ujjwal Kumar,
The State. Democracy and Anti-terror laws in India(2007) Sage
Publications
[xxiv] John Lock, Two
Treatises of Government (1690). Chapter V, Second Treatise
[xxvi]. Karl Marx, Capital Vol.1 Section VIII(19779), Moscow, Progress
Publishers,
[xxvii] Newspapers and leaflets
[xxviii] See the editorial of Samkalin Teesari Duniya (July 2012)
[xxix] Hindu, 16 January 2011
[xxx] www.binayaksen.net
[xxxi] www.tehelka.com
[xxxii] Times of India, 21 May 2012
[xxxiii] McCarthyism was practice in the USA in 1950s to level charges of
disloyalty and treason after Senator
Joseph McCarthy
[xxxiv] George Bush’s famous
statement, while invading, Afghanistan that those who were not with him
were with terrorists
[xxxv] See, e.g., Schwartz, Richard A.
(1999) “How the Film and Television Black List Worked”. Florida International
University.
[xxxvi] Morgan Ted, Reds: McCarthyism IN Twentieth
Century America,(2004), . Random House Press
[xxxvii] Robert D. Dean, The Imperial
Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy ,
Univcersity of Massachusetts Press, 2001,p 65
[xxxix] ibid
[xl] Stone Geoffrey (2004) Perilous Time: Free Speech
in War Time from Sedition Act of 1778 to the War on Terrorism, W.W.Norton
press
[xli] The Capital has become from international to global as it is no more
geo-centric in terms of either its source or investment.
[xlii] If one follows the newspaper reports of last
few years, they keep periodically asserting about the LWE being the biggest
threat to the country, but they do so more emphatically, whenever they return from
visits to the US.
[xliii] Hindu, 16 June 1998
[xliv] Hindu, 14 April 2006
[xlv] Hindu, 6 September
2006.
[xlvi] Hindu, 8 July 20012
[xlvii] In Orissa and elsewhere, where ever the peasants and Adivasis make
significant protest and movements, false cases are imposed and arbitrary
arrests are made, Narayan Patna is special case where it is not the
anti-displacement movement, but the land reclaim movements in which the
inhabitants, the Adivasis are reclaiming
their land from landlords, money lenders and liquor mafia. Most of the leading
activists facing volley of cases are underground. Gan Nath patra, a veteran
human rights activist, supporting the Narayan Patna movement was arrested in
connection with some fabricated old case, when he had come to Bhubaneswar to
meet some intellectuals connected with human rights movements in including Prof.
Manoranjan Mohnathy, former Professor of
Delhi University
[xlviii] J. Ramesh quoted in the editorial of Samkaleen Teesri
Duniya, July 2012
[xlix] Simon Coward, Richard Down &
Christopher Perry The Kaleidoscope British Independent Television Drama
Research Guide 1955–2010, (2010), Kaleidoscope Publishing, 2nd edition.
The Birmingham Six were six men sentenced to life imprisonment in
1975 in England for the Birmingham bombing, 1974, after spending 17 years
in jail, their convictions were quashed by the Court of Appeal on 14
March 1991. The six men were later awarded compensation ranging from £840,000
to £1.2 million. Similarly 4 young man and women were sentenced to life
imprisonment who were proved to be innocent after spending 15 years in jail
(1974-89) for Guildford bombing in 1974; www.telegraph.co.uk
[l] http/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Gharib_torture_and_prisoner-abuse and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp
[li] Singh, Ujjwal
Kumar: op.cit. p.313
[liii] Quoted in Singh, Ujjwal Kumar: op.cit pp 33-34
[liv] Deepti Priya Burning
Bright: Irom Sharmila and the Struggle for Peace in Manipur (2009),
Penguin, India
[lv] Singh, Ujjwal Kumar: op.cit
[lvi] Ibid pp.
16-19
[lvii] Kashmir valley
Under Occupation: Bullet versus stones, fact-finding report by
Janhastakshep: campaign against Fascist desines, New delhi,2010
Brilliantly brought the facts of modern Indian history.
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